Uniform building bye-laws (UBBL) are conceived to profess a structured regulatory framework for urban development, but in a true sense, their effectiveness in rectifying the deep-rooted urban predicaments, amid diversities and disparities is likely to remain a far cry. Intrinsically, in the absence of master plans, zonal development plans and prevailing heterogeneities, UBBL seem to be framed and constituted to escape the duds of plan making, I am sure the time urban planning process is apt i.e., comprehensive and complete, the cohorts of UBBL would realize and appreciate the slipup of venturing for uniform building bye laws.
Building bye laws/regulations/development controls and zoning regulations are complementarily used and all provide an effective mechanism to streamline the urban development in cities and towns. Jammu and Kashmir has been practicing urban development legislation since late 19th century when first Municipal Act and Notified Area Committee Act was enacted. This legislation remained in vogue and in operation to regulate the urban development in Srinagar and Jammu cities and other small towns in the erstwhile State. At the time of enactment of this legislation the State had very small share of urban population, growth trends and patterns were gradual and simple in nature. This legislation continued to be used for more than fifty years. Since 1947 urbanization started to change its dimensions and grew at an accelerated pace as result need for regulating urban growth also changed. During the same period economy of the State also started to diversify which necessitated enactment of legislation to meet changing requirements. In the process J&K Town Planning Act, 1963 and J&K Development Act, 1970 were enacted. However, town planning was more or less considered part of Municipal Administration. With the passage of time as urban development problems changed, magnitude, dimensions, and complexities. This changed the pattern and requirements of urban growth and available legislation started proving ineffective in regulating the urban development. Consequently, building bye laws/rules failed to create a sustainable urban development form instead poor performance of available legislative tools inflicted irreparable damages which made it imperative to frame new building bye laws. Available building bye laws /rules also could not meet the requirements arising out of natural calamities/hazards which have struck to different parts of the State, time and again. The devastating earthquake of 8th October 2005, avalanche of Waltangoo ,2006, wind storm of 2007,landslide /mud creep in Leh in 2010 and floods of 2014 have caused colossal damages to housing, urban infrastructure and human life. The assessment/introspection of devastation has made it clear that the colossal damages have been caused due to faulty building construction, design, weak material, wrong selection of site, ineffective measures to prevent /minimize effect of natural hazards and non-compliance to safety measures. To take note of deficiencies in the existing building bye laws/rules, and to meet changing requirements Housing and Urban Development Ministry of the State has framed initially model building byelaws followed by uniform building byelaws for which comments from general public have invited.
Since, building regulations play a crucial role in ensuring orderly urban development, safety, and environmental sustainability. The Jammu & Kashmir Unified Building Bye-Laws (UBBL) 2021 aim to create a standardized framework for construction across the region. However, implementing uniform regulations in a region marked by diverse topography, climatic variations, and distinct urban characteristics raises several challenges. While uniform bye-laws provide a necessary baseline for planning, their rigid application may overlook local requirements, creating inefficiencies and conflicts. A critical appraisal of the UBBL in Jammu & Kashmir highlights the need for flexibility, contextualization, and localized adaptation in building regulations.
Challenges of UBBL in a Physically Diverse Region
Topographical and Climatic Variability
Jammu & Kashmir has two broad distinctive geographical zones namely, the Jammu plains and the Kashmir valley. Each of these areas has unique structural challenges that require specialized building regulations. For instance, in hilly areas, landslide risks and soil stability issues demand strict slope construction guidelines, which may not be necessary in the plains. Similarly, snow loads in Kashmir and extreme cold in higher reaches of the region require different roofing and insulation standards than in Jammu’s subtropical climate. A one-size-fits-all approach is bound to fails to account for these regional variations and could lead to unsafe construction practices.
Urban,semi-urban and Rural Areas Disparities
The region has large urban centers, such as Srinagar and Jammu, which require regulations suited to high-density development. These cities need clear guidelines on building heights, parking spaces, and mixed-use zoning to manage congestion and support economic activity which are provided in respective master plans. Conversely, smaller cities/towns like Baramulla, Sopore, Poonch, Rajouri, and many more have lower population densities and different infrastructure needs. Applying metamorphosed mega urban-centric regulations to semi-urban, rurban and rural areas may result in unnecessary restrictions on local construction practices. Moreover, traditional settlement patterns in urban villages/suburbs—where open spaces, courtyards, and shared land use are common—may not conform to standardized uniform building byelaws/norms. The dissimilarities in smaller towns and cities would rather require an appropriate urban planning intervention instead of UBBL.
Cultural and Architectural Heritage Considerations
Jammu & Kashmir has a rich architectural heritage, deeply rooted in traditional construction methods. Kashmiri houses often use mud and timber, which offer natural insulation against harsh winters. While in hilly areas structures rely on stone and mud-brick, adapted to extreme altitudes. Uniform building regulations that prioritize modern materials like concrete and steel could erode traditional architectural identity and increase construction costs without necessarily improving structural safety. Additionally, heritage zones in cities like Srinagar require special conservation guidelines that generic bye-laws may fail to address.
Environmental and Disaster Resilience Concerns
Jammu & Kashmir is highly prone to natural disasters, including earthquakes, floods, and landslides. The 2014 Kashmir floods exposed vulnerabilities in urban planning, particularly poor drainage systems and unregulated construction in floodplains. Similarly, the region falls under high seismic risk zones, necessitating earthquake-resistant building codes. As such standardized regulations may not offer differentiated safety measures based suiting to local disaster risks and vulnerabilities. Additionally, uniform bye-laws may not sufficiently integrate climate-responsive designs, such as rainwater harvesting in arid areas or permeable surfaces in flood-prone zones and extremely rugged topographical region.
Infrastructure and Service Disparities
Different urban centers in Jammu & Kashmir have varying levels of infrastructure and amenity services. Cities like Jammu and Srinagar have better sewage, water supply, and road networks, while many peripheral small cities/towns lack basic urban services. Uniform regulations that mandate high infrastructure standards may burden smaller municipalities with unrealistic compliance requirements. Similarly, parking norms and road width requirements designed for two metropolitan areas may not be feasible for historically compact towns and rurban towns.
Absence of Master Plans and zonal plans
Uniform building bye-laws cannot be technically implemented without master plans or zonal plans, but this approach poses significant challenges. Bye-laws alone may lack context-specific guidelines, potentially misaligning with the unique needs of different areas such as geography, population density, and infrastructure. Additionally, without master or zonal plans to provide a roadmap for land use, there is a risk of unplanned growth and incompatible land uses, which can lead to conflicts. Coordination of infrastructure such as roads, utilities, and public facilities also becomes difficult, as these require integration through comprehensive plans. Uniform bye-laws may overgeneralize, ignoring the differing requirements of rural versus urban areas, high-density versus low-density zones, or sensitive areas like heritage sites. Moreover, without the legal basis provided by master and zonal plans, implementing uniform bye-laws could face resistance or legal challenges. While possible, it is advisable to use at least a broad vision plan or interim zoning regulations to ensure bye-laws are more effective and contextually relevant.
Sustainability and planned development cannot be effectively achieved through uniform building bye-laws (UBBL) alone without master plans and zonal plans. While UBBL provides a regulatory framework for construction practices, it lacks the context-specific guidance required to address unique local needs such as land use, population density, and environmental considerations. Master plans and zonal plans are essential for ensuring efficient land use, integrating infrastructure, and aligning development with broader sustainability goals. Without these plans, uniform bye-laws risk overgeneralization, which may result in unplanned growth, incompatible land uses, and inadequate infrastructure coordination. Furthermore, the absence of master and zonal plans limits the ability to incorporate sustainability measures such as green spaces, renewable energy integration, and climate resilience strategies. Therefore, while UBBL can play a supporting role, it cannot independently ensure sustainable and planned development without the strategic guidance provided by comprehensive planning frameworks.
In towns and cities without a master plan or zonal plan, implementing Uniform Building Bye-Laws (UBBL) requires a strategic approach that balances immediate regulatory needs with long-term planning. This can be achieved by creating interim guidelines tailored to local needs based on population density, land use, and existing infrastructure. Conducting baseline surveys to understand demographic, geographic, and socio-economic conditions is essential for guiding the contextual application of UBBL. An area-based implementation strategy can divide the town into functional zones and apply the bye-laws accordingly. Engaging stakeholders, including residents, businesses, and authorities, ensures the bye-laws address specific community needs. A broad vision plan can serve as a foundation for future development, while robust enforcement mechanisms, such as inspection systems and penalties for violations, strengthen compliance. Incorporating sustainable practices like energy-efficient designs, rainwater harvesting, and green space preservation can enhance the effectiveness of UBBL. Finally, UBBL implementation can act as a stepping stone toward developing comprehensive master and zonal plans, ensuring a gradual shift toward planned and sustainable urban development.
Guidelines can be framed without a master plan by adopting a pragmatic approach that considers the existing urban context, priorities, and available resources. This involves conducting a baseline assessment of land use, population density, infrastructure, and environmental features to establish a foundation for context-specific guidelines. Immediate urban challenges such as housing shortages or traffic congestion should be prioritized, while existing regional or national policies can serve as references to draft adaptable guidelines. Area-based zoning can be applied to categorize the area into residential, commercial, industrial, or mixed-use zones, with specific regulations tailored to each. Core elements like building regulations, infrastructure needs, and environmental safeguards should be emphasized, along with stakeholder engagement to ensure the guidelines are inclusive and practical. Sustainability principles, such as energy efficiency and water conservation, must be integrated to align development with future needs. Flexible and scalable guidelines should be established to accommodate future changes, with monitoring mechanisms in place to ensure iterative improvements. These guidelines can serve as a precursor to a detailed master plan, addressing immediate needs while laying the groundwork for comprehensive urban planning.
Need of Flexible Regulatory Framework
Considering these diversities and challenges, a broad-based regulatory approach is essential to ensure that uniform bye-laws provide structure without imposing rigid, and impractical regulations. A lissome set of regulations shall allow for localized adaptations while maintaining overall state-level consistency in safety, sustainability, urban form and urban planning.
UBBL with Regional Customization
Instead of applying uniform standards rigidly, the UBBL should adopt a modular structure: Core regulations applicable to all areas, covering structural safety, fire norms, sanitation, and accessibility; Region-specific guidelines for hilly areas, flood-prone zones, and urban vs. rural contexts; Heritage conservation provisions for historical city centers and traditional settlements.
Geo-Specific Building Norms
The bye-laws should introduce differentiated construction standards for: Seismic safety in earthquake-prone zones; Slope stability and retaining walls in hilly regions. Floodplain zoning and drainage planning in vulnerable areas. Snow-resistant roofing and thermal insulation in cold climates.
Urban-Rural Differentiation in Planning Standards
Building norms should distinguish between: High-density urban zones, which require parking provisions, vertical expansion regulations, and mixed-use zoning; Small towns, where low-rise, low-density development should be encouraged with relaxed building height and setback requirements; Rural areas, where traditional construction practices should be integrated into planning norms to maintain cultural identity and sustainability.
Incentive-Based Compliance Mechanisms
Instead of strict enforcement, the government can encourage compliance through incentives relaxed FAR (Floor Area Ratio) for green buildings, tax benefits for earthquake-resistant construction, and subsidies for using sustainable materials in traditional construction.
Localized Governance and Decentralized Decision-Making
Urban local bodies (ULBs) and regional planning committees should have the power to adapt bye-laws based on local needs. This would ensure that decisions are made closer to the communities they affect, rather than being dictated by a state-level authority unaware of local constraints.
Conclusion
The Jammu & Kashmir Unified Building Bye-Laws (UBBL) can provide a necessary legal framework for regulating construction across the region. However, their inflexible and identical application could lead to inefficiencies, safety risks, and cultural erasure in a region with vast geographical and urban diversity. A context-sensitive approach that allows for modular adaptations, disaster resilience measures, and differentiated urban-rural regulations are crucial. By introducing flexibility, local participation, and geo-specific guidelines, the state can balance standardization with practicality, ensuring that urban centers and rural settlements develop in a sustainable, resilient, and culturally sensitive manner providing amenity to the urbanites and ease of governance to city administration. While UBBL ensures standardization, predictability, streamlined approvals, environmental considerations, and fair development practices, it also faces indelible challenges such as ignoring local contexts, reinforcing inequality, inflexibility, and resistance from stakeholders. A balanced approach requires UBBL to be adaptable, incorporating tiered regulations, public participation, data-driven customization, and incentive-based compliance. Ultimately, UBBL can contribute to urban crisis mitigation only if they integrate flexibility, inclusivity, and context-sensitive planning; otherwise, they risk reinforcing disparities rather than resolving them. It is all is possible through framing of development plans for all cities/towns along with zonal development plans having detailed building bye laws to regulate the urban growth.
Email:----------------------hamwani24@gmail.com
Uniform building bye-laws (UBBL) are conceived to profess a structured regulatory framework for urban development, but in a true sense, their effectiveness in rectifying the deep-rooted urban predicaments, amid diversities and disparities is likely to remain a far cry. Intrinsically, in the absence of master plans, zonal development plans and prevailing heterogeneities, UBBL seem to be framed and constituted to escape the duds of plan making, I am sure the time urban planning process is apt i.e., comprehensive and complete, the cohorts of UBBL would realize and appreciate the slipup of venturing for uniform building bye laws.
Building bye laws/regulations/development controls and zoning regulations are complementarily used and all provide an effective mechanism to streamline the urban development in cities and towns. Jammu and Kashmir has been practicing urban development legislation since late 19th century when first Municipal Act and Notified Area Committee Act was enacted. This legislation remained in vogue and in operation to regulate the urban development in Srinagar and Jammu cities and other small towns in the erstwhile State. At the time of enactment of this legislation the State had very small share of urban population, growth trends and patterns were gradual and simple in nature. This legislation continued to be used for more than fifty years. Since 1947 urbanization started to change its dimensions and grew at an accelerated pace as result need for regulating urban growth also changed. During the same period economy of the State also started to diversify which necessitated enactment of legislation to meet changing requirements. In the process J&K Town Planning Act, 1963 and J&K Development Act, 1970 were enacted. However, town planning was more or less considered part of Municipal Administration. With the passage of time as urban development problems changed, magnitude, dimensions, and complexities. This changed the pattern and requirements of urban growth and available legislation started proving ineffective in regulating the urban development. Consequently, building bye laws/rules failed to create a sustainable urban development form instead poor performance of available legislative tools inflicted irreparable damages which made it imperative to frame new building bye laws. Available building bye laws /rules also could not meet the requirements arising out of natural calamities/hazards which have struck to different parts of the State, time and again. The devastating earthquake of 8th October 2005, avalanche of Waltangoo ,2006, wind storm of 2007,landslide /mud creep in Leh in 2010 and floods of 2014 have caused colossal damages to housing, urban infrastructure and human life. The assessment/introspection of devastation has made it clear that the colossal damages have been caused due to faulty building construction, design, weak material, wrong selection of site, ineffective measures to prevent /minimize effect of natural hazards and non-compliance to safety measures. To take note of deficiencies in the existing building bye laws/rules, and to meet changing requirements Housing and Urban Development Ministry of the State has framed initially model building byelaws followed by uniform building byelaws for which comments from general public have invited.
Since, building regulations play a crucial role in ensuring orderly urban development, safety, and environmental sustainability. The Jammu & Kashmir Unified Building Bye-Laws (UBBL) 2021 aim to create a standardized framework for construction across the region. However, implementing uniform regulations in a region marked by diverse topography, climatic variations, and distinct urban characteristics raises several challenges. While uniform bye-laws provide a necessary baseline for planning, their rigid application may overlook local requirements, creating inefficiencies and conflicts. A critical appraisal of the UBBL in Jammu & Kashmir highlights the need for flexibility, contextualization, and localized adaptation in building regulations.
Challenges of UBBL in a Physically Diverse Region
Topographical and Climatic Variability
Jammu & Kashmir has two broad distinctive geographical zones namely, the Jammu plains and the Kashmir valley. Each of these areas has unique structural challenges that require specialized building regulations. For instance, in hilly areas, landslide risks and soil stability issues demand strict slope construction guidelines, which may not be necessary in the plains. Similarly, snow loads in Kashmir and extreme cold in higher reaches of the region require different roofing and insulation standards than in Jammu’s subtropical climate. A one-size-fits-all approach is bound to fails to account for these regional variations and could lead to unsafe construction practices.
Urban,semi-urban and Rural Areas Disparities
The region has large urban centers, such as Srinagar and Jammu, which require regulations suited to high-density development. These cities need clear guidelines on building heights, parking spaces, and mixed-use zoning to manage congestion and support economic activity which are provided in respective master plans. Conversely, smaller cities/towns like Baramulla, Sopore, Poonch, Rajouri, and many more have lower population densities and different infrastructure needs. Applying metamorphosed mega urban-centric regulations to semi-urban, rurban and rural areas may result in unnecessary restrictions on local construction practices. Moreover, traditional settlement patterns in urban villages/suburbs—where open spaces, courtyards, and shared land use are common—may not conform to standardized uniform building byelaws/norms. The dissimilarities in smaller towns and cities would rather require an appropriate urban planning intervention instead of UBBL.
Cultural and Architectural Heritage Considerations
Jammu & Kashmir has a rich architectural heritage, deeply rooted in traditional construction methods. Kashmiri houses often use mud and timber, which offer natural insulation against harsh winters. While in hilly areas structures rely on stone and mud-brick, adapted to extreme altitudes. Uniform building regulations that prioritize modern materials like concrete and steel could erode traditional architectural identity and increase construction costs without necessarily improving structural safety. Additionally, heritage zones in cities like Srinagar require special conservation guidelines that generic bye-laws may fail to address.
Environmental and Disaster Resilience Concerns
Jammu & Kashmir is highly prone to natural disasters, including earthquakes, floods, and landslides. The 2014 Kashmir floods exposed vulnerabilities in urban planning, particularly poor drainage systems and unregulated construction in floodplains. Similarly, the region falls under high seismic risk zones, necessitating earthquake-resistant building codes. As such standardized regulations may not offer differentiated safety measures based suiting to local disaster risks and vulnerabilities. Additionally, uniform bye-laws may not sufficiently integrate climate-responsive designs, such as rainwater harvesting in arid areas or permeable surfaces in flood-prone zones and extremely rugged topographical region.
Infrastructure and Service Disparities
Different urban centers in Jammu & Kashmir have varying levels of infrastructure and amenity services. Cities like Jammu and Srinagar have better sewage, water supply, and road networks, while many peripheral small cities/towns lack basic urban services. Uniform regulations that mandate high infrastructure standards may burden smaller municipalities with unrealistic compliance requirements. Similarly, parking norms and road width requirements designed for two metropolitan areas may not be feasible for historically compact towns and rurban towns.
Absence of Master Plans and zonal plans
Uniform building bye-laws cannot be technically implemented without master plans or zonal plans, but this approach poses significant challenges. Bye-laws alone may lack context-specific guidelines, potentially misaligning with the unique needs of different areas such as geography, population density, and infrastructure. Additionally, without master or zonal plans to provide a roadmap for land use, there is a risk of unplanned growth and incompatible land uses, which can lead to conflicts. Coordination of infrastructure such as roads, utilities, and public facilities also becomes difficult, as these require integration through comprehensive plans. Uniform bye-laws may overgeneralize, ignoring the differing requirements of rural versus urban areas, high-density versus low-density zones, or sensitive areas like heritage sites. Moreover, without the legal basis provided by master and zonal plans, implementing uniform bye-laws could face resistance or legal challenges. While possible, it is advisable to use at least a broad vision plan or interim zoning regulations to ensure bye-laws are more effective and contextually relevant.
Sustainability and planned development cannot be effectively achieved through uniform building bye-laws (UBBL) alone without master plans and zonal plans. While UBBL provides a regulatory framework for construction practices, it lacks the context-specific guidance required to address unique local needs such as land use, population density, and environmental considerations. Master plans and zonal plans are essential for ensuring efficient land use, integrating infrastructure, and aligning development with broader sustainability goals. Without these plans, uniform bye-laws risk overgeneralization, which may result in unplanned growth, incompatible land uses, and inadequate infrastructure coordination. Furthermore, the absence of master and zonal plans limits the ability to incorporate sustainability measures such as green spaces, renewable energy integration, and climate resilience strategies. Therefore, while UBBL can play a supporting role, it cannot independently ensure sustainable and planned development without the strategic guidance provided by comprehensive planning frameworks.
In towns and cities without a master plan or zonal plan, implementing Uniform Building Bye-Laws (UBBL) requires a strategic approach that balances immediate regulatory needs with long-term planning. This can be achieved by creating interim guidelines tailored to local needs based on population density, land use, and existing infrastructure. Conducting baseline surveys to understand demographic, geographic, and socio-economic conditions is essential for guiding the contextual application of UBBL. An area-based implementation strategy can divide the town into functional zones and apply the bye-laws accordingly. Engaging stakeholders, including residents, businesses, and authorities, ensures the bye-laws address specific community needs. A broad vision plan can serve as a foundation for future development, while robust enforcement mechanisms, such as inspection systems and penalties for violations, strengthen compliance. Incorporating sustainable practices like energy-efficient designs, rainwater harvesting, and green space preservation can enhance the effectiveness of UBBL. Finally, UBBL implementation can act as a stepping stone toward developing comprehensive master and zonal plans, ensuring a gradual shift toward planned and sustainable urban development.
Guidelines can be framed without a master plan by adopting a pragmatic approach that considers the existing urban context, priorities, and available resources. This involves conducting a baseline assessment of land use, population density, infrastructure, and environmental features to establish a foundation for context-specific guidelines. Immediate urban challenges such as housing shortages or traffic congestion should be prioritized, while existing regional or national policies can serve as references to draft adaptable guidelines. Area-based zoning can be applied to categorize the area into residential, commercial, industrial, or mixed-use zones, with specific regulations tailored to each. Core elements like building regulations, infrastructure needs, and environmental safeguards should be emphasized, along with stakeholder engagement to ensure the guidelines are inclusive and practical. Sustainability principles, such as energy efficiency and water conservation, must be integrated to align development with future needs. Flexible and scalable guidelines should be established to accommodate future changes, with monitoring mechanisms in place to ensure iterative improvements. These guidelines can serve as a precursor to a detailed master plan, addressing immediate needs while laying the groundwork for comprehensive urban planning.
Need of Flexible Regulatory Framework
Considering these diversities and challenges, a broad-based regulatory approach is essential to ensure that uniform bye-laws provide structure without imposing rigid, and impractical regulations. A lissome set of regulations shall allow for localized adaptations while maintaining overall state-level consistency in safety, sustainability, urban form and urban planning.
UBBL with Regional Customization
Instead of applying uniform standards rigidly, the UBBL should adopt a modular structure: Core regulations applicable to all areas, covering structural safety, fire norms, sanitation, and accessibility; Region-specific guidelines for hilly areas, flood-prone zones, and urban vs. rural contexts; Heritage conservation provisions for historical city centers and traditional settlements.
Geo-Specific Building Norms
The bye-laws should introduce differentiated construction standards for: Seismic safety in earthquake-prone zones; Slope stability and retaining walls in hilly regions. Floodplain zoning and drainage planning in vulnerable areas. Snow-resistant roofing and thermal insulation in cold climates.
Urban-Rural Differentiation in Planning Standards
Building norms should distinguish between: High-density urban zones, which require parking provisions, vertical expansion regulations, and mixed-use zoning; Small towns, where low-rise, low-density development should be encouraged with relaxed building height and setback requirements; Rural areas, where traditional construction practices should be integrated into planning norms to maintain cultural identity and sustainability.
Incentive-Based Compliance Mechanisms
Instead of strict enforcement, the government can encourage compliance through incentives relaxed FAR (Floor Area Ratio) for green buildings, tax benefits for earthquake-resistant construction, and subsidies for using sustainable materials in traditional construction.
Localized Governance and Decentralized Decision-Making
Urban local bodies (ULBs) and regional planning committees should have the power to adapt bye-laws based on local needs. This would ensure that decisions are made closer to the communities they affect, rather than being dictated by a state-level authority unaware of local constraints.
Conclusion
The Jammu & Kashmir Unified Building Bye-Laws (UBBL) can provide a necessary legal framework for regulating construction across the region. However, their inflexible and identical application could lead to inefficiencies, safety risks, and cultural erasure in a region with vast geographical and urban diversity. A context-sensitive approach that allows for modular adaptations, disaster resilience measures, and differentiated urban-rural regulations are crucial. By introducing flexibility, local participation, and geo-specific guidelines, the state can balance standardization with practicality, ensuring that urban centers and rural settlements develop in a sustainable, resilient, and culturally sensitive manner providing amenity to the urbanites and ease of governance to city administration. While UBBL ensures standardization, predictability, streamlined approvals, environmental considerations, and fair development practices, it also faces indelible challenges such as ignoring local contexts, reinforcing inequality, inflexibility, and resistance from stakeholders. A balanced approach requires UBBL to be adaptable, incorporating tiered regulations, public participation, data-driven customization, and incentive-based compliance. Ultimately, UBBL can contribute to urban crisis mitigation only if they integrate flexibility, inclusivity, and context-sensitive planning; otherwise, they risk reinforcing disparities rather than resolving them. It is all is possible through framing of development plans for all cities/towns along with zonal development plans having detailed building bye laws to regulate the urban growth.
Email:----------------------hamwani24@gmail.com
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