Immanuel Kant, in his very famous work “Perpetual Peace,” has mentioned the idea of public legal justice being missing when there is no universal pacific federation of the republics. In simple terms, he means to say that if there is an absence of public legal justice, then the man has no ideal surroundings or reason to survive on this earth. Here, he clearly proposes a statement in favor of Federalism. Federalism, according to him, must exist in the international forum and between the sovereign republics. The condition of federalism existing might not be true for the domestic units of the republics, but at the core area where it is actually seen to be working, Most of us might believe that Kant’s idea of federalism stretches to the idea of breaking federations down to the federal structures both beyond and within the national-state plant, or domestic and international federalism. But Kant had a different opinion and view. His idea of federalism moved in one direction: beyond the national-state plane. The concept of federalism, according to Kant, was the most important idea of Western political philosophy because, for him, the possibility of a public legal order and its absence defined relations with the independent states. International peace enjoyed by individual peace could be the reason for the broad concept of state law. The concept of 'public legal justice’ is instrumental to morality and good will, and this leads to ‘ends in themselves’. One question always comes to the readers of Kant: why and how must this purpose of public legal justice be achieved? It supports the concepts of good will and respect. The basic principle of study for Kant has always been the principle of ‘Morality.’ He tries to knit a string between morality and the state law, and the state law to the federal eternal peace that is never diminished.
For Kant, the relationship between politics and morality is broadly instrumental in nature, and the combination of state law and politics might make the idea of morality more strong. He then goes on to frame the concept of how politics will always be subordinate to morality, but at the same point, he tries to frame that politics is always right and not mere utility or happiness. The state law must not be perceived in the sense of utilitarianism—the greatest happiness of the greatest number. But it must be a place for achieving a universal environment for morality. What he borrows from utilitarians is the concept that the input achieved by society is not always easy to see. Immanuel concludes that the principle of general happiness under general law does not constitute the principle of state-founding.
There is no hint of Benetham’s story of good things on earth being of good will. The dignity of the individual must not be violated as ends in themselves. Because there exists the concept of qualified and unqualified things on earth, under that condition, politics is an unqualified good on earth, and morality is the qualified good. Kant, from time to time, in Eternal Peace has mentioned the importance and coexistence of morality and politics to get the state law. The juridical state of affairs is the product of both types of freedoms existing in society: positive and negative freedom. The concept of following the right under the condition of all others thinking that a particular act is right might be the basis of his ideology per se. This is overviewed by the government, which guarantees this ’for him.’ The second important concept that comes into being is the idea of ‘coercive public legal justice’ rather than following it for one's own sake.
In Kant's Anthropology from a Pragmatic Point of View, he talks about the dominant force under ‘The Mania for Domination.’ Its fear is of being dominated by others. By doing so, the dominant force also tries to use the oppressed for their own gain. Here, take the example of the government. The government provides us with 'freedom under law’ and thus manages the psychology. The government can alleviate the desire to dominate the public by establishing a system of public legal justice where the law is coercive. There are two ideas gendered: fear of dominance and domination itself. Here comes the idea of good will to protect the ends themselves.
Kant, in his countless works, has mentioned that law is a necessary prerequisite of the discipline. He says that if the states continue to exist in lawless freedom, the citizens rights will be continuously violated, they will wrongly enslave future generations in the debt crisis, and the minds of the people will be corrupted. The state law is connected to the national law by some sense of world order: foedus pacificum. Kant had two distinct grounds for the hope of establishing true federal eternal peace. One by the act of attaining the duty, as the condition of stable ‘public legal justice’ at all levels and the second ‘nature’ would gradually force men into a cosmopolitical order. Both reason and the lesson suggest that men are merely the subjects of national law and constitutional mechanisms. The concept of delaying the war or, at times, completely dodging the war makes the state come into a system of “cosmopolitical order.'
While the idea of international federalism is an important characteristic of the state and law, the interior character or structure of any particular state was missing in his work. Kant’s contemporary writers, like Montesquieu and Rousseau, focused on internal federalism and the concept of republics. The primary focus of contemporary philosophers was the size of things like sparta and geneva that could be easily governed. Kant, on the other hand, didn’t focus on the size but rather on the concept of liberty and equality of the citizens under the general public law of any type of republic. He was of the opinion that the Republic is not about being small or big, popular or unpopular, but rather about reasonable men consenting to the various decisions.
Kant rejects the idea of domestic and internal federalism within a particular setup called the state. Kant’s national states, even if they are not federal, need federalism at their core. The interlocking character of law and public order and the mutual need for republican ideas exist. Kant argues that the good will, constituting morality, is like a jewel that gives its own light, and if national law is a setting, it then supports the concept of federal eternal peace.

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