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During 1919 -1922, the British were opposed by the Indians through two mass movement: The khilafat movement and the Non-cooperation movement. They adopted a common program of action--that of Non-violence and Non-cooperation.
During 1919 -1922, the British were opposed by the Indians through two mass movement: The khilafat movement and the Non-cooperation movement. They adopted a common program of action--that of Non-violence and Non-cooperation.
“Non-violence is not to be used ever as the shield of the coward. It is the weapon of brave” (M.K.Gandhi).
It is undeniable fact that the pioneering preacher and practitioner of non-violence in India was none other than Mohan Das Karamchand Gandhi, commonly known as 'Mahatma Gandhi'. He had firm belief in the method of dialogue for resolving differences and conflicts. His non-violent activism had its beginning in South Africa, where he was influenced with philosophy of Tolstoy, who believed that love as law of life and the principle of non-violence are the problem solving concepts for the humankind.
Gandhi was of the belief, which he preached among the people as well, that unarmed masses had little chance to succeed in an armed rebellion, so he preached that non-violence is best weapon which solved problems of Indian people. He further said that a satyagrahi (one who follows the principles of satyagraha: truth/ civil disobedience) must remain always truthful, non-violent, fearless, work on the principles of withdrawal of cooperation and boycott. A true satyagrahi would never bow before the evil and only the brave and strong could practice satyagraha: even violence was preferred to cowardice.
In mid 18th century, colonial rule began in India and after 1857 whole India came under the 'British Raj'. Then people of India started resistance against the British colonial rule which was over India for nine decades till 1947. Till the World War-I (1914-1918), there were many movements against this colonial rule which were led by leaders like Bal Ganga DharTilak, Annie Besant, and many other freedom fighters. But these movements were mostly aggressive and extremists in nature. It was during the congress session in 1914 that Indian freedom fighters bifurcated into two main groups: Moderates and Extremists. Towards the end of WW-l, Indian freedom struggle took turn towards a broad-based popular struggle and Gandhi arrived India in 1915. He joined Indian freedom struggle with the Moderate group. He started experiments with the power of Non-violence (Ahimsa). In between 1917 and 1918, Gandhi was involved in three regional struggles-- namely Champaran, Ahmedabad and Kheda movements.
ChamparanSatyagraha (1917)
It was first civil disobedience at regional level. The farmers of Champaran in Bihar were discriminated in Indigo marketing and were forced to grow indigo on 3/20 part of total land (called tinkathiasystem) and to give illegal dues and sell indigo into low price as per fixed prices of the Europeans. Finally Gandhi reached there to probe into matter and he led a civil disobedience and it finally resulted in their success. Thus, Gandhi had won the first battle of civil disobedience in India with the help of other leaders and farmers.
Kheda Satyagraha (1918)
it was first Non-cooperation movement. In the Kheda district of Gujarat farmers were forced to pay taxes but due to drought crops had failed. Farmers were not able to pay taxes. Gandhi asked the farmers not pay taxes. Gandhi was mainly the spiritual head of the struggle. Patel, long his colleagues, organised the tax revolt, which was supported by different ethnic and caste communities of Kheda Gujrat. The revolt was remarkable in the discipline and unity were maintained. When farmers didn’t pay the taxes government seized the farmers personal property. Ultimately, the government sought to bring about an agreement with the farmers . It agreed to suspend the tax for the year. The struggle at Kheda brought a new awakening among the peasantry .They became aware that they would not be free of injustice and exploitation unless and until their County achieved complete independence. Through these and other such experiments, Gandhi demonstrated to the people the ability of his methods and strategies of satyagraha.
Satyagraha against the Rowlatt Act
it was first Mass strike. Gandhii called it as “Black Act” and called for a mass protest against it at all India level. It had been very limited scope and Indians felt betrayed --- more so Gandhi .Finally the protest against it chosen as nationwide strike, accompanied by fasting, prayers and civil disobedience against specific laws. Gandhi said the salvation would come when masses were awakened and became active in politics. For the solution of Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (Amritsar, Punjab, 13 April 1919) Gandhi as a member of Congress made efforts that a committee on this inhuman and shameful action be constituted.
During 1919 -1922, the British were opposed by the Indians through two mass movement: The khilafat movement and the Non-cooperation movement. They adopted a common program of action--that of Non-violence and Non-cooperation. It was based on programs like boycott of government schools, Colleges, law courts, foreign clothes, renunciation of government honours and titles. It was based on Hindu – Muslim unity and remained all time non-violent. During this movement, ChauriChaura accident happened and Gandhi withdraw a movement without any delay because situation was violent (which was against Gandhi’s teachings, philosophy and preaching). Meanwhile Gandhi said: “I would suffer every humiliation, every torture, absolute ostracism and death itself to prevent the movement from becoming violent". He was of the opinion that a violent movement could be easily suppressed by the Colonial regime, who would make violence an excuse for using the armed might of the state against the protestors. Later for Salt law, Gandhi started Dandimarch and collected salt at Dandi coast.
Besides these, Gandhi led many movements with peaceful manner and also held many sessions. After Quit India movement, Gandhi followed famous Mantra of " Do or die" but didn't accepted British slavery. Gandhi fought against the British with his most powerful weapon-- the weapon of ahimsa and satyagraha. His patience and long walk to freedom on the path of non-violence, influenced many and forced the Britishers to leave the golden bird (INDIA).
He gave us a message that love and compassion can also cut across, but without wounding. Violence never brings permanent peace, it never solves social problems. Gandhi emphasized the fact that non-violence means avoiding not only external physical violence but also internal violence of spirit. So the solution to any problem lies not in violence or extremism but in nonviolent means and methods. It is rightly said that "everyone benefits from tools of nonviolence and nonviolent activism and every aspect of life affected by violence and violent conflicts". The solution of conflict resolution lies in nonviolence and nonviolent methods and strategies and not in violence or violent ways.
Email:--------------------ahmadfayaz8417@gmail.com
During 1919 -1922, the British were opposed by the Indians through two mass movement: The khilafat movement and the Non-cooperation movement. They adopted a common program of action--that of Non-violence and Non-cooperation.
During 1919 -1922, the British were opposed by the Indians through two mass movement: The khilafat movement and the Non-cooperation movement. They adopted a common program of action--that of Non-violence and Non-cooperation.
“Non-violence is not to be used ever as the shield of the coward. It is the weapon of brave” (M.K.Gandhi).
It is undeniable fact that the pioneering preacher and practitioner of non-violence in India was none other than Mohan Das Karamchand Gandhi, commonly known as 'Mahatma Gandhi'. He had firm belief in the method of dialogue for resolving differences and conflicts. His non-violent activism had its beginning in South Africa, where he was influenced with philosophy of Tolstoy, who believed that love as law of life and the principle of non-violence are the problem solving concepts for the humankind.
Gandhi was of the belief, which he preached among the people as well, that unarmed masses had little chance to succeed in an armed rebellion, so he preached that non-violence is best weapon which solved problems of Indian people. He further said that a satyagrahi (one who follows the principles of satyagraha: truth/ civil disobedience) must remain always truthful, non-violent, fearless, work on the principles of withdrawal of cooperation and boycott. A true satyagrahi would never bow before the evil and only the brave and strong could practice satyagraha: even violence was preferred to cowardice.
In mid 18th century, colonial rule began in India and after 1857 whole India came under the 'British Raj'. Then people of India started resistance against the British colonial rule which was over India for nine decades till 1947. Till the World War-I (1914-1918), there were many movements against this colonial rule which were led by leaders like Bal Ganga DharTilak, Annie Besant, and many other freedom fighters. But these movements were mostly aggressive and extremists in nature. It was during the congress session in 1914 that Indian freedom fighters bifurcated into two main groups: Moderates and Extremists. Towards the end of WW-l, Indian freedom struggle took turn towards a broad-based popular struggle and Gandhi arrived India in 1915. He joined Indian freedom struggle with the Moderate group. He started experiments with the power of Non-violence (Ahimsa). In between 1917 and 1918, Gandhi was involved in three regional struggles-- namely Champaran, Ahmedabad and Kheda movements.
ChamparanSatyagraha (1917)
It was first civil disobedience at regional level. The farmers of Champaran in Bihar were discriminated in Indigo marketing and were forced to grow indigo on 3/20 part of total land (called tinkathiasystem) and to give illegal dues and sell indigo into low price as per fixed prices of the Europeans. Finally Gandhi reached there to probe into matter and he led a civil disobedience and it finally resulted in their success. Thus, Gandhi had won the first battle of civil disobedience in India with the help of other leaders and farmers.
Kheda Satyagraha (1918)
it was first Non-cooperation movement. In the Kheda district of Gujarat farmers were forced to pay taxes but due to drought crops had failed. Farmers were not able to pay taxes. Gandhi asked the farmers not pay taxes. Gandhi was mainly the spiritual head of the struggle. Patel, long his colleagues, organised the tax revolt, which was supported by different ethnic and caste communities of Kheda Gujrat. The revolt was remarkable in the discipline and unity were maintained. When farmers didn’t pay the taxes government seized the farmers personal property. Ultimately, the government sought to bring about an agreement with the farmers . It agreed to suspend the tax for the year. The struggle at Kheda brought a new awakening among the peasantry .They became aware that they would not be free of injustice and exploitation unless and until their County achieved complete independence. Through these and other such experiments, Gandhi demonstrated to the people the ability of his methods and strategies of satyagraha.
Satyagraha against the Rowlatt Act
it was first Mass strike. Gandhii called it as “Black Act” and called for a mass protest against it at all India level. It had been very limited scope and Indians felt betrayed --- more so Gandhi .Finally the protest against it chosen as nationwide strike, accompanied by fasting, prayers and civil disobedience against specific laws. Gandhi said the salvation would come when masses were awakened and became active in politics. For the solution of Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (Amritsar, Punjab, 13 April 1919) Gandhi as a member of Congress made efforts that a committee on this inhuman and shameful action be constituted.
During 1919 -1922, the British were opposed by the Indians through two mass movement: The khilafat movement and the Non-cooperation movement. They adopted a common program of action--that of Non-violence and Non-cooperation. It was based on programs like boycott of government schools, Colleges, law courts, foreign clothes, renunciation of government honours and titles. It was based on Hindu – Muslim unity and remained all time non-violent. During this movement, ChauriChaura accident happened and Gandhi withdraw a movement without any delay because situation was violent (which was against Gandhi’s teachings, philosophy and preaching). Meanwhile Gandhi said: “I would suffer every humiliation, every torture, absolute ostracism and death itself to prevent the movement from becoming violent". He was of the opinion that a violent movement could be easily suppressed by the Colonial regime, who would make violence an excuse for using the armed might of the state against the protestors. Later for Salt law, Gandhi started Dandimarch and collected salt at Dandi coast.
Besides these, Gandhi led many movements with peaceful manner and also held many sessions. After Quit India movement, Gandhi followed famous Mantra of " Do or die" but didn't accepted British slavery. Gandhi fought against the British with his most powerful weapon-- the weapon of ahimsa and satyagraha. His patience and long walk to freedom on the path of non-violence, influenced many and forced the Britishers to leave the golden bird (INDIA).
He gave us a message that love and compassion can also cut across, but without wounding. Violence never brings permanent peace, it never solves social problems. Gandhi emphasized the fact that non-violence means avoiding not only external physical violence but also internal violence of spirit. So the solution to any problem lies not in violence or extremism but in nonviolent means and methods. It is rightly said that "everyone benefits from tools of nonviolence and nonviolent activism and every aspect of life affected by violence and violent conflicts". The solution of conflict resolution lies in nonviolence and nonviolent methods and strategies and not in violence or violent ways.
Email:--------------------ahmadfayaz8417@gmail.com
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