Menstruation remains a taboo subject in many cultures, primarily due to long-held cultural beliefs, insufficient open communication, and gender inequality. This results in feelings of shame, secrecy, and limited access to essential resources and education about menstrual health. In India, menstruation is often associated with significant cultural taboos, which can lead to exclusion, misinformation, and adverse health effects. Although progressive policies are being introduced, combining these with cultural sensitivities is important for successful implementation.
Women often face restrictions in places like temples, kitchens, and social gatherings, which promote discrimination. The Supreme Court's Sabarimala verdict in 2018 lifted the ban on women's entry into the temple, but it faced considerable opposition rooted in cultural beliefs. The lack of open discussion about menstruation promotes myths and neglect in health matters. Only 58% of young girls in rural India know about menstruation before experiencing their first menstruation. Women also struggle with inadequate access to toilets, hygiene products, and proper disposal methods. While the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan launched in 2014 has made progress in sanitation, menstrual waste disposal remains a significant issue. The high cost of hygiene products forces many to resort to unsafe alternatives. The Rajasthan Free Sanitary Pad Scheme launched in 2022 aims to provide free pads to tackle menstrual poverty. However, menstrual health is not prioritized in political agendas, which hinders comprehensive reforms. The Menstrual Hygiene Policy (Draft 2022) is yet to be fully implemented nationwide.
Incorporating menstrual awareness into state curriculums can help normalize conversations on the topic. The Menstrual Hygiene Management Guidelines advocate menstrual education from the primary school level. We can promote greater acceptance by training Anganwadi workers, teachers, and community leaders. The Menstrual Health Alliance India (2020) collaborates with grassroots organizations to raise awareness. Public figures and the media can play a key role in combating stigma through positive messaging. The “Chuppi Todo” campaign (2021, UNICEF India) effectively used digital platforms to spread awareness. To enhance menstrual health infrastructure, it is essential to ensure (water, sanitation, and hygiene) facilities in schools and workplaces, including more gender-friendly toilets with disposal options. Government subsidies and GST exemptions on menstrual products can significantly improve access. The removal of 12% GST on sanitary pads in 2018 made them more affordable. Promoting biodegradable pads and menstrual cups addresses both environmental and cultural concerns. The Sakhi Sanitary Napkin Initiative (Odisha, 2021) supports local production of biodegradable pads.
Menstrual health should be recognized under the right to health (Article 21) and incorporated into labor laws. The Menstrual Benefits Bill (2018, private member bill) proposed paid menstrual leave but did not receive government support. Companies should pay menstrual leave and ensure workplace hygiene support. Zomato set a precedent in the private sector by introducing menstrual leave in 2020. Implementing extended producer responsibility norms for sanitary product manufacturers can help reduce waste. Develop community-based initiatives that involve local leaders, elders, and religious figures to change the conversation about menstruation. Use culturally appropriate messaging in educational settings and the media to make discussions about menstrual health more common. Involve men and boys in awareness efforts to create a more inclusive dialogue. Promote menstrual health policies by eliminating taxes on sanitary products and ensuring they are readily available in schools, workplaces, and rural communities.
Implement workplace policies that accommodate persons who menstruate, such as providing menstrual leave and access to clean toilets. Incorporate menstrual education into school programs in a manner that respects cultural values. Expand government efforts, such as the Rashtriya Kishor Swasthya Karyakram, to provide free or subsidized sanitary pads, especially in rural areas. Advocate for the use of sustainable and cost-effective menstrual products, such as reusable cloth pads and menstrual cups, while considering environmental and financial aspects. Use Bollywood, social media influencers and television shows to dispel harmful menstrual myths. Films such as PadMan have sparked important discussions—more initiatives like this are needed. Encourage local storytelling and traditional narratives to weave positive menstrual messages into cultural contexts. Provide training to health professionals to provide culturally sensitive advice on menstrual health. Support research on menstrual disorders and their effects on women’s health, ensuring that healthcare policies address these issues.
Menstrual health must be recognized as a fundamental human right and a public health concern, not a stigma. A comprehensive strategy that combines education, infrastructure improvements, and legal reforms can promote dignity and equality, making menstruation a recognized and supported aspect of women's health.
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