Kashmir, often referred to as the "Paradise on Earth," experiences some of the coldest winters in the Indian subcontinent. The region is renowned for its snow-covered landscapes, serene lakes, and breathtaking mountain views. However, its winter also brings along extreme cold, with temperatures plunging to sub-zero levels, particularly during Chill Kalan, the harshest 40-day period of winter. Chilli Kalan, which usually spans from December 21 to January 31, is characterized by the most intense cold, frost, and snowfall.
To survive the bitter chill and continue daily life in such an environment, Kashmiris have developed a wide array of traditional remedies, practices, and lifestyle adaptations. These remedies not only address physical warmth and health but also consider the cultural and social aspects of life in Kashmir. Below is an exploration of the most common winter remedies used in Kashmir, especially during Chilli Kalan.

Warm Clothing and Layering

One of the most important ways to protect oneself during Kashmir’s severe winters is to dress in warm, layered clothing. This includes:

Pheran

The traditional Kashmiri winter attire, the pheran, is a long woolen gown worn by both men and women. It is an essential piece of clothing during Chilli Kalan. Often made of pashmina or Kashmiri wool, it is designed to retain warmth and keep the body insulated against freezing temperatures. The pheran is worn over other layers and is particularly effective in providing warmth to the body.

Kangri

Another quintessential winter tool is the kangri, a traditional Kashmiri firepot. The kangri is a small wicker basket filled with live coal, which is carried under the pheran. It is used to keep the body warm by maintaining a steady, gentle heat close to the body. Though it is difficult to imagine carrying a firepot inside clothing, the kangri is an indispensable part of daily life in Kashmir during winter.

Woolen Fabrics

Woolen socks, gloves, and scarves are essential to keep extremities warm. The use of pashmina shawls is common, which helps to keep the body warm and fashionable at the same time.
Warm Beverages and Foods
In Kashmir, food is not just about sustenance, but also an important remedy for battling the bitter cold of Chilli Kalan. A variety of foods and beverages help to keep the body warm and maintain its energy during the harsh winters.

Kahwa

A traditional Kashmiri drink, kahwa, is a blend of green tea, saffron, cinnamon, cardamom, and other spices. It is consumed hot throughout the winter months, as it helps improve circulation and provides warmth to the body. Some families also add almonds or walnuts to the tea for additional warmth and nourishment.
This iconic dish is rich in spices and contains lamb cooked in a fragrant, hot gravy. The warming nature of rogan josh is ideal for the winter, providing essential nutrition and combating the cold.
This is a traditional lamb broth that has a mild, aromatic flavor and is served hot with rice. Its rich, hearty content is designed to provide much-needed warmth and nourishment during the chilly days of winter.
The Kashmiri Wazwan (a multi-course feast prepared by traditional chefs called Wazas) includes a variety of meat dishes, rice preparations, and warming soups, all designed to provide sustenance and combat the intense cold of Chilli Kalan.

Dry Fruits

The consumption of dry fruits like almonds, walnuts, apricots, and raisins increases during the winter. These foods provide essential calories, vitamins, and minerals, and help maintain energy levels.
3. Herbal and Natural Remedies
Kashmiris rely on a variety of traditional herbal and natural remedies to combat the harshness of winter and stay healthy during the coldest months.
Consuming mustard greens or saag in the form of a stew is a common Kashmiri practice in winter. It is believed to have warming properties that help in warding off colds and flu. Saag is often prepared with garlic and ginger, both of which are known for their warming and immune-boosting properties.

Ginger and Honey

A common remedy for cold and cough, ginger mixed with honey is a soothing concoction that is widely consumed. The warmth and medicinal properties of ginger help in easing throat discomfort, while honey adds a natural sweetness and soothing effect.

Cumin and Black Pepper

A blend of cumin and black pepper is often used in Kashmiri winter cuisine and as a home remedy. The spices have warming qualities and help in boosting metabolism, improving digestion, and enhancing overall body heat.

Saffron

Known for its healing properties, saffron is often added to drinks, rice dishes, and sweets during winter. It is believed to have a warming effect on the body and improve circulation.
Heated Homes and Warmth Preservation
During Chilli Kalan, the cold can be so severe that staying warm indoors becomes essential for survival. Kashmiris employ a variety of methods to keep their homes warm and cozy.

Kangri Heating

In addition to wearing the kangri, Kashmiris use kangri heating in homes. A small brazier is placed in a room, and the fire is kept burning throughout the day. Some homes also use burning wood in stoves, and this helps to keep the interiors warm.

Charpoys

The charpoy, a traditional Kashmiri wooden bed, is fitted with blankets and quilts for warmth. The bed is often raised off the ground to keep the body away from the cold floor.

Use of Thermal Blankets

Thick, woven woolen blankets, often filled with pashmina, are a standard form of insulation. The blankets trap body heat and provide warmth throughout the night, ensuring a comfortable sleep even in freezing temperatures.
Physical Exercises and Wellness Practices
In addition to external remedies, the harsh winter forces Kashmiris to engage in physical exercises to stay warm, improve circulation, and maintain their health.

Walking and Trekking

Despite the snow and cold, many Kashmiris engage in brisk walking or light trekking in the winter months. Walking helps to generate body heat and improves circulation, which is vital when temperatures dip below freezing.

Yoga and Breathing Exercises

In more recent years, many Kashmiris have taken to yoga and breathing exercises to maintain flexibility, reduce stress, and improve circulation during the cold winter months. The practice of yoga can help reduce the risk of cold-related illnesses like joint pain and respiratory problems.

Dealing with the Health Risks of Cold

The harsh cold during Chilli Kalan can have adverse effects on health, leading to illnesses like frostbite, hypothermia, and respiratory infections. Kashmiri winter remedies are designed not only to provide warmth but to prevent these health risks as well.

Vicks and Mustard Oil

People commonly apply mustard oil and Vicks on their chests, back, and feet before sleeping to keep themselves warm and prevent colds. This is especially effective during the peak cold of Chilli Kalan.

Herbal Steam Inhalation

In case of a cold, a mixture of caraway seeds (ajwain) and garlic is boiled in water, and the steam is inhaled to clear the respiratory passages. This traditional method is believed to reduce nasal congestion and alleviate breathing difficulties.
Social and Cultural Importance of Winter
Winter, especially Chilli Kalan, is also a time of social gatherings in Kashmir. During these days, families and friends come together around kitchen fires, share stories, and enjoy food and drinks. This sense of togetherness helps lift the spirits during the long, dark winter months.
Conclusion
The winter season, particularly Chilli Kalan, is an integral part of Kashmiri life. While it can be harsh and unforgiving, the remedies and practices that Kashmiris follow help them endure and thrive during this coldest period. From clothing and food to herbal remedies and physical exercises, the people of Kashmir have developed a comprehensive approach to managing winter’s challenges. These traditions not only provide warmth but also ensure that they stay healthy, resilient, and connected to their cultural heritage during one of the most extreme weather conditions in the world.